Περιεχόμενα
Preface ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… vii
Contributors ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… xvii
I. PedIatrIcs
1 Embryology ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
D Branchial Arch Derivatives ……………………………………………………………………………… 3
D Branchial Arch Anomalies: Cysts, Sinus, Fistulae …………………………………………….. 4
D Otologic Development …………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
D Midline Nasal Masses …………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6
2 General Pediatric Otolaryngology ………………………………………………………………………… 7
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
D Pediatric Sinusitis ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
D Velopharyngeal Insufficiency …………………………………………………………………………… 8
D Upper Airway Infections …………………………………………………………………………………. 8
D Adenotonsillar Disease ……………………………………………………………………………………. 9
D Pediatric Head and Neck Masses …………………………………………………………………….. 11
D Salivary Gland Masses ……………………………………………………………………………………. 11
D Small Blue-Cell Malignancies in Children ………………………………………………………… 11
D Differential Diagnosis for Midline Neck Mass …………………………………………………… 11
D Pediatric Base of Tongue Mass ………………………………………………………………………… 12
D Lymphatic and Vascular Malformations …………………………………………………………… 12
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12
3 Congenital Syndromes ………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13
D Pierre Robin Sequence ……………………………………………………………………………………. 13
D Achondroplasia ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
D VATER Syndrome …………………………………………………………………………………………… 14
D Trisomy 21 (Down?s Syndrome) ………………………………………………………………………. 14
D Autosomal Dominant Syndromes ……………………………………………………………………. 14
D Autosomal Recessive Syndromes …………………………………………………………………….. 15
D X-Linked Recessive Syndromes ………………………………………………………………………. 16
D 22Q Deletion Syndromes ………………………………………………………………………………… 16
D Other Craniofacial Syndromes ………………………………………………………………………… 17
D Cleft Lip and Palate ………………………………………………………………………………………… 18
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18
4 Pediatric Airway …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
D Difference Between Pediatric and Adult Larynx ……………………………………………….. 19
D Clinical Evaluation …………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
D Radiographic Examination……………………………………………………………………………… 20
D Clinical Scenarios …………………………………………………………………………………………… 20
D Classification of Laryngeal Cleft………………………………………………………………………. 21
D Vocal Cord Paresis/Immobility ………………………………………………………………………… 21
D Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis ……………………………………………………………… 21
D Subglottic Stenosis …………………………………………………………………………………………. 22
D Posterior Glottic Stenosis ……………………………………………………………………………….. 22
D Tracheal Obstruction………………………………………………………………………………………. 22
D Tracheoesophageal Fistula………………………………………………………………………………. 22
D Caustic Ingestion ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
D Esophageal Foreign Bodies …………………………………………………………………………….. 23
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 23
5 Pediatric Otology and Cochlear Implants ……………………………………………………………… 25
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25
D External Auditory Canal Pathology ………………………………………………………………….. 25
D Otitis Media …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26
D Congenital Sensorineural Hearing Loss …………………………………………………………… 26
D Conductive Hearing Loss ………………………………………………………………………………… 28
D Congenital Inner Ear Malformations ……………………………………………………………….. 28
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 28
II. rhInology/allergy
6 Rhinology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 31
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 31
D Anatomy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 31
D Physiology ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33
D Imaging …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35
D Rhinitis …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35
D Rhinosinusitis ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 38
D Epistaxis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 41
D Benign Masses/Abnormalities …………………………………………………………………………. 43
D Surgical Approaches ………………………………………………………………………………………. 44
D Open Approaches …………………………………………………………………………………………… 45
D Major Complications of Sinus Surgery …………………………………………………………….. 45
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 46
7 Allergy and Immunology ……………………………………………………………………………………… 49
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 49
D Epidemiology…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
D Risk Factors …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 49
D Pathophysiology …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 49
D Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions: Gell and Coombs ………………………….. 52
D Cellular Response of Allergic Reactions …………………………………………………………… 53
D Neurogenic Response to Allergen ……………………………………………………………………. 53
D Allergic Rhinitis ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 54
D Management of Allergy Symptoms ………………………………………………………………….. 56
D Immunomodulation ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 58
D Severe Manifestations of Allergic Response ……………………………………………………… 60
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 62
8 Systemic, Infectious, and Inflammatory Diseases ………………………………………………….. 63
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
D Genetics ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 63
D Circulatory …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 64
D Autoimmune ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 66
D Infectious ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 70
D Osteodystrophies ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 75
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 77
9 Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Obstructive Sleep Apnea ……………………………………… 81
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 81
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 89
10 Fluids, Hemostasis, Nutrition, and Pulmonary Physiology …………………………………….. 91
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 91
D Fluids ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 91
D Hemostasis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 95
D Nutrition ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 98
D Pulmonary Physiology ……………………………………………………………………………………. 101
D Chest Diseases ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 102
D Pulmonary Function Test………………………………………………………………………………… 102
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 104
11 Therapeutics: Pharmacology, Chemotherapy, Radiation Oncology …………………………. 105
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 105
D Anesthesia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 105
D Pharmacology ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 108
D Chemotherapy ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 112
D Radiation Oncology………………………………………………………………………………………… 112
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 114
12 Head and Neck Pathology ……………………………………………………………………………………. 115
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 115
D Larynx …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 115
D Salivary Gland ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 123
D Sinonasal ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 130
D Malignant Sinonasal Neoplasms ……………………………………………………………………… 135
D Infectious/Inflammatory …………………………………………………………………………………. 140
D Ear ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 140
D Endocrine ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 149
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 158
IV. otology
13 Otologic and Neurotologic Disorders ……………………………………………………………………. 161
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 161
D Otologic Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology ……………………………………………….. 161
D Audiology ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 164
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 168
14 Vestibular System ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 169
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 169
D Vestibular Physiology and Diagnostic Studies ………………………………………………….. 169
D Vestibular Disorders ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 171
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 176
15 Ear Disorders ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 177
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 177
D Sensorineural Hearing Loss ……………………………………………………………………………. 177
D Conductive Hearing Loss ………………………………………………………………………………… 179
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 185
16 The Facial Nerve and Lateral Skull Base Disorders ……………………………………………….. 187
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 187
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 197
V. head and neck
17 Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery ………………………………………………………………………… 201
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 201
D Thyroid …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 201
D Anatomy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 201
D Vascular ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 202
D Nerves …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 202
D Histology ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 202
D Benign Thyroid Disease ………………………………………………………………………………….. 202
D Malignant Thyroid Disease ……………………………………………………………………………… 203
D Classification …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 203
D Work-Up ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 204
D Staging ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 204
D Other Staging Systems ……………………………………………………………………………………. 205
D Management ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 205
D Postsurgical Management……………………………………………………………………………….. 206
D Parathyroid ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 206
D Anatomy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 206
D Epidemiology…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 207
D Pathophysiology …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 207
D Primary Hyperparathyroidism ………………………………………………………………………… 207
D Diagnosis/Work-Up ………………………………………………………………………………………… 207
D Treatment ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 208
D Parathyroid Carcinoma…………………………………………………………………………………… 208
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 208
18 Salivary Gland Diseases ………………………………………………………………………………………. 211
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 211
D Anatomy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 211
D Diagnostics ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 212
D Salivary Gland Diseases ………………………………………………………………………………….. 213
D Benign Masses ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 213
D Salivary Gland Malignancies …………………………………………………………………………… 214
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 216
19 Head and Neck Lymphoma and Sarcoma …………………………………………………………….. 217
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 217
D Lymphoma …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 217
D Head and Neck Sarcoma ………………………………………………………………………………… 220
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 226
20 Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma …………………………………………………………………… 227
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 227
D Anatomy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 227
D Epidemiology…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 228
D Work-Up and Staging ……………………………………………………………………………………… 228
D Management ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 230
D Other Laryngeal Malignancies ………………………………………………………………………… 232
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 233
21 Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma …………………………………… 235
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 235
D Anatomy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 235
D Epidemiology…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 235
D Presentation …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 236
D Work-Up and Staging ……………………………………………………………………………………… 236
D Management ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 240
D Anatomy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 241
D Epidemiology…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 242
D Work-Up and Staging ……………………………………………………………………………………… 243
D Management ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 244
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 246
22 Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Carcinoma ……………………………………………………….. 247
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 247
D Anatomy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 247
D Epidemiology…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 248
D Presentation …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 248
D Work-Up and Staging ……………………………………………………………………………………… 248
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 257
23 Vascular Tumors …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 259
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 259
D Classification …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 259
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 268
24 Cutaneous and Temporal Bone Malignancies ……………………………………………………….. 269
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 269
D Anatomy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 269
D Epidemiology…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 270
D Basal Cell Carcinoma ……………………………………………………………………………………… 271
D Treatment Recommendations …………………………………………………………………………. 272
D Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck ……………………………. 273
D Treatment Recommendations …………………………………………………………………………. 274
D Malignant Melanoma ……………………………………………………………………………………… 274
D Treatment Recommendations …………………………………………………………………………. 277
D Temporal Bone Malignancies ………………………………………………………………………….. 277
D Treatment Recommendations …………………………………………………………………………. 279
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 280
25 Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors ……………………………………………………………………………. 281
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 281
D Odontogenic Cysts ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 281
D Dentigerous Cyst ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 281
D Odontogenic Keratocyst (Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor) …………………………….. 282
D Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst …………………………………………………………………………… 283
D Glandular Odontogenic Cyst …………………………………………………………………………… 283
D Odontogenic Tumors: Odontogenic Epithelium ……………………………………………….. 284
D Odontogenic Tumors: Mixed Tumors……………………………………………………………….. 288
D Odontogenic Tumors?Odontogenic Ectomesenchyme …………………………………….. 290
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 292
VI. laryngology
26 Deep Neck Space Infections ………………………………………………………………………………… 295
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 295
D Anatomy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 295
D Deep Neck Spaces ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 295
D Diagnostic Imaging ………………………………………………………………………………………… 296
D Microbiology………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 297
D Surgical Management …………………………………………………………………………………….. 297
D Complications of Neck Space Infections ………………………………………………………….. 297
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 398
27 Laryngology ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 299
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 299
D Anatomy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 299
D Physiology of Voice (Voice Production)……………………………………………………………. 300
D Clinical Voice Assessment ……………………………………………………………………………….. 301
D Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Larynx ………………………………………… 302
D Vocal Fold Paralysis ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 303
D Neurolaryngology …………………………………………………………………………………………… 304
D Miscellaneous Laryngology …………………………………………………………………………….. 305
D Subglottic and Tracheal Stenosis …………………………………………………………………….. 305
D Tracheal Neoplasms ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 306
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 307
28 Benign Lesions of the Larynx ………………………………………………………………………………. 309
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 309
D Benign Lesion of the Vocal Folds …………………………………………………………………….. 309
D Phonomicrosurgery ………………………………………………………………………………………… 312
D Other Benign Lesion of the Larynx ………………………………………………………………….. 312
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 313
29 Dysphagia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 315
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 315
D Anatomy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 315
D Physiology of Swallowing ……………………………………………………………………………….. 316
D Phases of Swallowing ……………………………………………………………………………………… 316
D Causes of Dysphagia ………………………………………………………………………………………. 316
D Evaluation of Dysphagia …………………………………………………………………………………. 317
D Chronic Aspiration …………………………………………………………………………………………. 318
D Benign Disorders of the Esophagus …………………………………………………………………. 319
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 321
30 Lasers ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 323
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 323
D Laser Physics …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 323
D Types of Lasers ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 324
D Laser Tissue Interaction ………………………………………………………………………………….. 326
D Laser Safety …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 326
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 327
VII. FacIal PlastIcs and reconstructIon
31 Facial Plastics …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 331
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 331
D Aesthetic Facial Analysis …………………………………………………………………………………. 331
D Rhinoplasty ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 332
D Facial Aging …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 337
D Facial Implants and Surgical Augmentation …………………………………………………….. 341
D Surgical Treatment of the Aging Face ………………………………………………………………. 342
D Characteristics of the Aging Face …………………………………………………………………….. 343
D Facelift ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 345
D Brow-lift ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 346
D Blepharoplasty ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 347
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 349
32 Head and Neck Reconstruction: Local, Pedicled and Free Flaps;
Facial Nerve Reanimation …………………………………………………………………………………… 351
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 351
D Approach to Facial Reconstruction………………………………………………………………….. 351
D Classification of Flaps …………………………………………………………………………………….. 352
D Local Flaps …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 352
D Regional Flaps ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 356
D Free Flaps ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 356
D Facial Nerve Re-animation ……………………………………………………………………………… 358
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 358
33 Head and Neck Trauma ………………………………………………………………………………………. 361
D Pearls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 361
D Initial Assessment of the Head and Neck Trauma Patient …………………………………. 361
D Upper Facial Trauma ……………………………………………………………………………………… 362
D Midface Trauma …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 366
D Lower Face Trauma ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 368
D Temporal Bone Trauma ………………………………………………………………………………….. 369
D Laryngeal Trauma (Also Find in Laryngology) ………………………………………………….. 370
D References……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 372
Index …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 373
