Περιεχόμενα
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1. Physical Properties of Light ……………………………………………………………………………….1
Visible Light 1
Geometrical Optics 5
2. Reflection …………………………………………………………………………………………………………8
Virtual Image 8
Real Image 8
Laws of Reflection 8
Plane Mirror 9
Spherical Mirror 10
3. Refraction……………………………………………………………………………………………………….15
Refraction at Two Interfaces 15
Refraction of Light Through a Slab of Glass with Air All Round 16
Refraction on Two Surfaces Inclined to Each Other 17
Uses of Prisms in Ophthalmology 20
4. Refraction Through Curved Optical Devices………………………………………………………27
Lens 27
Toric Surfaces 40
Sturms Conoid 40
Astigmatic Cross 42
Magnification 47
Telescopes 49
Image Characteristics 51
5. Optics of Normal Eye ……………………………………………………………………………………….52
Components of Vision 52
Optical Constants 52
Reduced/Schematic Eyes 54
Reflection by Optical Components of the Eye
and the Purkinjes Image 56
6. Errors of Refraction…………………………………………………………………………………………58
Emmetropia 58
Ametropia 59
Classification of Ametropia 60
Myopia 60
Hypermetropia (Hyperopia) 72
Astigmatism 82
Anisometropia 88
Types 88
7. Optical Devices Used to Examine the Eye ………………………………………………………….92
Optical Devices 92
Magnification 92
Operating Telescopes 94
Microscope 96
Spectacle Magnification 96
Optics of Ophthalmoscopes 97
Examination of Fundus by Slit Lamp 109
Gonioscopy 114
Applanation Tonometry 119
Uniocular/Binocular Loupes 123
8. Clinical Methods in Error of Refraction …………………………………………………………..125
Clinical Methods 125
History Related to Errors of Refraction 125
External Examinations 128
Recording of Vision 131
Near and Distant Vision 131
Objective Methods of Assessing Refractive Status 143
Accommodation and Convergence in Relation to
Refractive Status of the Eye 164
Accommodation 164
Presbyopia 170
9. Contact Lenses………………………………………………………………………………………………176
Optics of Contact Lens 176
Keratometers 189
Topography of Contact Lens 193
Contact Lens Fitting 194
10. Low Vision Aids……………………………………………………………………………………………..201
Classification of Low Vision 201
Causes of Low Vision 203
Management of Patients with Low Vision 203
History Taking in Low Vision 204
Classification of Low Vision Aids 204
Principle/Optics 205
Magnifiers 207
Non-optical Low Vision Aids 208
Recording of Visual Acuity in Low Vision 209
11. Refractive Surgeries ………………………………………………………………………………………212
Principle 212
Classification of Refractive Surgeries 213
Selection of Cases for Refractive Procedures 214
Selection of Eyes for Refractive Procedures 215
Instruments Required for Refractive Procedures 216
Refractive Procedures for Myopia 217
Laser Procedures 218
Non-laser Procedures for Myopia
Refractive Surgeries for Hypermetropia 230
Laser-assisted Procedures 230
Refractive Procedures for Astigmatism 232
Non-laser-assisted Procedures Used in Astigmatism 232
Laser-assisted Procedures Used in Astigmatism 233
Refractive Procedures for Presbyopia 236
Refractive Surgeries for Correction of Near Vision Defect 237
Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………………………………………239
Index…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….243
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