Περιεχόμενα
SECTION 1: FIRST TRIMESTER
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Embryology and Anatomy of the First Trimester
Approach to the Early First Trimester
Early Anatomy
ABNORMAL INTRAUTERINE GESTATION
Early Pregnancy Loss
Perigestational Hemorrhage
Chorionic Bump
Complete Hydatidiform Mole
ECTOPIC GESTATION
Tubal Ectopic
Interstitial Ectopic
Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy
Cervical Ectopic
Ovarian Ectopic
Heterotopic Pregnancy
Abdominal Ectopic
SECTION 2: BRAIN
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Embryology and Anatomy of the Brain
Approach to the Supratentorial Brain
Approach to the Posterior Fossa
CRANIAL DEFECTS
Exencephaly, Anencephaly
Occipital, Parietal Cephalocele
Atretic Cephalocele
Frontal Cephalocele
MIDLINE DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
Abnormal Corpus Callosum
Interhemispheric Cyst/AVID
Aprosencephaly, Atelencephaly
Alobar Holoprosencephaly
Semilobar Holoprosencephaly
Lobar Holoprosencephaly
Septo-Optic Dysplasia
Syntelencephaly
CORTICAL DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
Schizencephaly
Lissencephaly
Malformations of Cortical Development
CYSTS
Choroid Plexus Cyst
Arachnoid Cyst
DESTRUCTIVE LESIONS
Intracranial Hemorrhage
Encephalomalacia, Porencephaly
Hydranencephaly
POSTERIOR FOSSA MALFORMATIONS
Aqueductal Stenosis
Chiari 2 Malformation
Chiari 3 Malformation
Dandy-Walker Malformation
Vermian Dysgenesis
Blake Pouch Cyst
Mega Cisterna Magna
Cerebellar Hypoplasia
Rhombencephalosynapsis
VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation
Arteriovenous Fistula
Dural Sinus Malformation
TUMORS
Brain Tumors
Choroid Plexus Papilloma
Intracranial Lipoma
PERTINENT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
Absent Cavum Septi Pellucidi
Mild Ventriculomegaly
Microcephaly
Abnormal Calvarium
Posterior Fossa Cyst/Fluid Collection
SECTION 3: SPINE
Embryology and Anatomy of the Spine
Approach to the Fetal Spine
Spina Bifida
Iniencephaly
Caudal Regression Sequence
Kyphosis, Scoliosis
Tethered Cord
Diastematomyelia
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
FETAL INTERVENTION
Fetal Neural Tube Treatment
SECTION 4: FACE AND NECK
Embryology and Anatomy of the Face and Neck
Approach to the Fetal Face and Neck
Cleft Lip, Palate
Dacryocystocele
Coloboma
Epignathus
Epulis
Goiter
Cystic Hygroma
Cervical Teratoma
PERTINENT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
Abnormal Orbits/Eyes
Abnormal Ears
Micrognathia
Macroglossia
SECTION 5: CHEST
Embryology and Anatomy of the Chest
Approach to the Fetal Chest
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration
Bronchogenic Cyst
Congenital High Airway Obstruction Sequence (CHAOS)
Congenital Lobar Overinflation
Pulmonary Agenesis
Thoracic Lymphatic Malformations
Mediastinal Teratoma
PERTINENT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
Solid/Echogenic Chest Mass
Cystic Chest Mass
FETAL INTERVENTION
Fetal Chest Interventions
SECTION 6: HEART
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Embryology and Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
Approach to the Fetal Heart
ABNORMAL LOCATION
Heterotaxy, Cardiosplenic Syndromes
Ectopia Cordis
SEPTAL DEFECTS
Ventricular Septal Defect
Atrioventricular Septal Defect
Atrial Septal Aneurysm
RIGHT HEART MALFORMATIONS
Ebstein Anomaly
Tricuspid Dysplasia
Tricuspid Atresia
Pulmonary Stenosis, Atresia
LEFT HEART MALFORMATIONS
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Coarctation and Interrupted Aortic Arch
Aortic Stenosis
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
CONOTRUNCAL MALFORMATIONS
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of the Great Arteries
Truncus Arteriosus
Double-Outlet Right Ventricle
MYOCARDIAL AND PERICARDIAL ABNORMALITIES
Echogenic Intracardiac Focus
Cardiomyopathy
Rhabdomyoma
Pericardial Effusion
Pericardial Teratoma
ABNORMAL RHYTHM
Irregular Rhythm
Tachyarrhythmia
Bradyarrhythmia
PERTINENT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
Vascular Rings
Abnormal Cardiac Axis
Chamber Asymmetry
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE SURGERY
Blalock-Taussig Shunt
Norwood Procedure
Glenn Procedure
Fontan Procedure
SECTION 7: ABDOMINAL WALL AND GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Embryology and Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall and GI Tract
Approach to the Abdominal Wall and GI Tract
ABDOMINAL WALL DEFECTS
Gastroschisis
Omphalocele
Pentalogy of Cantrell
Body Stalk Anomaly
Bladder Exstrophy
Cloacal Exstrophy/OEIS Syndrome
BOWEL ABNORMALITIES
Esophageal Atresia
Duodenal Atresia
Jejunal, Ileal Atresia
Colonic Atresia
Anal Atresia
Cloacal Malformation/Urogenital Sinus
Volvulus
Enteric Duplication Cyst
PERITONEAL ABNORMALITIES
Meconium Peritonitis, Pseudocyst
Abdominal Lymphatic Malformation
HEPATOBILIARY ABNORMALITIES
Gallstones
Choledochal Cyst
Splenic Cyst
Gestational Alloimmune Liver Disease
Biliary Atresia
Congenital Hepatic Hemangioma
Mesenchymal Hamartoma
Hepatoblastoma
PERTINENT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
Echogenic Bowel
Ascites
Cystic Abdominal Mass
Hepatomegaly
SECTION 8: GENITOURINARY TRACT
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Embryology and Anatomy of the Genitourinary Tract
Approach to the Fetal Genitourinary Tract
Urinary Tract Dilation
RENAL DEVELOPMENTAL VARIANTS
Unilateral Renal Agenesis
Duplicated Collecting System
Pelvic Kidney
Horseshoe Kidney
Crossed Fused Ectopia
RENAL MALFORMATIONS
Bilateral Renal Agenesis
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
Urinoma
Obstructive Renal Dysplasia
Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
ADRENAL ABNORMALITIES
Adrenal Hemorrhage
Neuroblastoma
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
BLADDER MALFORMATIONS
Posterior Urethral Valves
Prune-Belly Syndrome
Ureterocele
Urachal Anomalies
GENITAL ABNORMALITIES
Differences of Sex Development
Hypospadias
Ovarian Cyst
Hydrocolpos
PERTINENT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
Echogenic Kidneys
Unilateral Enlarged Kidney
Suprarenal Mass
Scrotal Mass
FETAL INTERVENTION
Fetal Urinary Tract Interventions
SECTION 9: MUSCULOSKELETAL
DYSPLASIAS
Approach to Skeletal Dysplasias
Bone Length Charts
Achondrogenesis, Hypochondrogenesis
Achondroplasia, Hypochondroplasia
Amelia/Phocomelia
Atelosteogenesis
Campomelic Dysplasia
Chondrodysplasia Punctata
Cleidocranial Dysplasia
Greenberg Dysplasia
Hypophosphatasia
Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Short Rib-Thoracic Dysplasia Syndromes
Thanatophoric Dysplasia
EXTREMITY MALFORMATIONS
Clubfoot
Rocker-Bottom Foot
Radial Ray Malformation
Clinodactyly
Polydactyly
Syndactyly
Split Hand/Foot Malformation
Arthrogryposis, Akinesia Sequence
Proximal Focal Femoral Dysplasia
Fibular/Tibial Hemimelia
PERTINENT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
Mildly Short Femur/Humerus
Curved/Angulated Bones
Abnormal Ossification
SECTION 10: PLACENTA, MEMBRANES, AND UMBILICAL CORD
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Approach to the Placenta and Umbilical Cord
PLACENTA AND MEMBRANE ABNORMALITIES
Placental Abruption
Placenta Previa/Low-Lying Placenta
Vasa Previa
Placenta Accreta Spectrum
Placental Lake, Intervillous Thrombus
Succenturiate Lobe
Circumvallate Placenta
Marginal and Velamentous Cord Insertion
Chorioangioma
Placental Teratoma
Placental Mesenchymal Dysplasia
UMBILICAL CORD ABNORMALITIES
Single Umbilical Artery
Umbilical Vein Varix
Persistent Right Umbilical Vein
PERTINENT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
Placental Cysts and Masses
Umbilical Cord Cysts and Masses
SECTION 11: MULTIPLE GESTATIONS
Approach to Multiple Gestations
Dichorionic Diamniotic Twins
Monochorionic Diamniotic Twins
Monochorionic Monoamniotic Twins
Selective Fetal Growth Restriction
Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
Twin Anemia-Polycythemia Sequence
Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion
Conjoined Twins
Triplets and Beyond
Fetus-in-Fetu
FETAL INTERVENTION
Monochorionic Twin Interventions
SECTION 12: ANEUPLOIDY
Approach to Genetic Screening
Trisomy 21
Trisomy 18
Trisomy 13
Monosomy X (Turner Syndrome)
Triploidy
SECTION 13: SYNDROMES AND MULTISYSTEM DISORDERS
Approach to Syndromes
22q11 Deletion Syndrome
Aicardi Syndrome
Amniotic Band Syndrome
Apert Syndrome
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
Carpenter Syndrome
CHD7-Related Disorder (CHARGE)
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
Crouzon Syndrome
Cystic Fibrosis
Diabetic Embryopathy
Fraser Syndrome
Fryns Syndrome
Generalized Calcification of Infancy
Holt-Oram Syndrome
Joubert Syndrome
Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome
Meckel-Gruber Syndrome
Miller-Dieker Syndrome
Muenke Syndrome
Multiple Pterygium Syndromes
Neu-Laxova Syndrome
Niemann-Pick Disease Type C
Noonan Syndrome
Oculo-Auriculo-Vertebral Spectrum (OAVS)
Pai Syndrome
Pfeiffer Syndrome
PHACES Syndrome
Pierre Robin Sequence
Sirenomelia
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
VACTERL Association
Valproate Embryopathy
Walker-Warburg Syndrome
Warfarin (Coumadin) Embryopathy
Wolf-Hirschorn Syndrome
Zellweger Spectrum Disorder
SECTION 14: INFECTION
Cytomegalovirus
Parvovirus B19
Toxoplasmosis
Varicella
Congenital Syphilis
SECTION 15: FLUID, GROWTH, AND WELL-BEING
Approach to Fetal Well-Being
Fetal Growth Restriction
Macrosomia
Fetal Anemia
PERTINENT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
Polyhydramnios
Oligohydramnios
Hydrops
SECTION 16: MATERNAL CONDITIONS IN PREGNANCY
Cervical Insufficiency/Short Cervix
Myoma in Pregnancy
Adenomyosis in Pregnancy
Müllerian Duct Anomalies in Pregnancy
Synechiae
Uterine Dehiscence/Rupture
Retained Products of Conception
PERTINENT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
Adnexal Mass in Pregnancy
Acute Abdomen in Pregnancy
Intrauterine Linear Echoes
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Postpartum Pain/Fever
